According to Theory X, what is assumed about employees?

Theory X posits that employees have a generally negative view of work and, therefore, do not inherently enjoy it. This perspective suggests that workers are primarily motivated by extrinsic factors, such as monetary rewards or fear of punishment, and thus must be coerced or controlled to achieve performance results. The theory implies that without intervention through supervision, disciplinary measures, or incentives, employees will be unproductive.

This contrasts sharply with the assumptions of Theory Y, which holds that employees are self-motivated, derive satisfaction from their work, and seek responsibility. Theory X, in essence, reflects a more pessimistic view of human motivation, whereas Theory Y offers a more optimistic perspective, emphasizing human potential and intrinsic motivation.