What is the retina?

The retina is indeed a light-sensitive layer of the eye that contains specialized cells known as rods and cones. These cells are essential for the conversion of light into neural signals, which are then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. Rods are responsible for vision in low light conditions and are not sensitive to color, while cones function in bright light and are critical for color vision and fine detail. The structure of the retina is crucial for how we perceive images, as it lines the back of the eye, capturing light and initiating the process of vision.

The other options refer to different parts of the eye or functions: the outer layer of the eye that provides protection is known as the sclera; the transparent layer that allows light to enter is the cornea; and the muscle that controls pupil dilation is the iris. Understanding the role of the retina is fundamental in learning about how vision works and the various components that contribute to our ability to see.